The Mummies

We all see these movies the return of the mummy , the mummy and others impressed by the scenery and we are frightened of the mummies are usually provided by the scary movies, and awesome magical powers, let us know about the mummy up close.

Mummy

A body, frozen and which - by protecting them from degradation, either through natural or artificial - have maintained their shape. The process of conservation, either by drying the full, deep cooling, the absence of oxygen or the use of chemicals. And release the word mummy on all the human remains of soft tissues. And mummification may be present in every continent but in a way linked to the ancient Egyptians for this is attributed to them. It was the first study of the mummies were in the 19 century. Famous mummies are those that deliberately mummified to save for long periods, especially those mummies dating back to the pharaohs of ancient Egyptians. Secure the ancient Egyptians that the body is the home of the Ka or the spouse, which is one of the five elements that make up the human, which made the preservation of the body necessary for the other life eternal, which the Egyptians believe that a person goes to when he died. Associated with mummies, myths and Egyptian mummies. But many discovered mummies reserved were found in all parts of the world and all continents.

Original language:

Word mummy call origin hieroglyphic "mm", which means wax or tar, which was used in mummification processes. Has been derived for the later call (Mummy) and then spread to the Indo-European languages.

Egyptian mummies:

Egyptian mummies are not just for the rolls of linen cloth is corrupted by the dead bodies only. But a way to permanent homes for life. This method is fraudulent death. The brain extract in the embalming of the nose and eating viscera of the abdomen, chest and router body was soaked in salt and dried. The dry skin treated with a mixture of oils and glues. And found that the mummy was damaged tens of meters of linen cloth to make them clothes of the deceased in the other eternal life. It was recited by the spells and rituals practiced by the pre-burial and was buried with food and drink and all that will need to live a happy life after death. The mummies were buried in the sand in tombs in wide desert and dry to absorb fluids from the body and dried for keeping the skin and nails and hair away from the banks of the Nile, where agriculture. Haves and was buried in the graves constructed. The ancient Egyptians wrapped Dead linen cloth soaked in glue since 3400 years BC. M.

Mummies in South America:

With the knowledge that there is no one directory on the validity of this talk is not concrete evidence that one of mummification was practiced also in South America by the ancient Egyptians thousands of years. It has been found on the boy's head Henkoro the coast of the Atacama Desert and northern Chile and southern Peru was mummification done Henkoro group that was fishing for fish that did not have the attributes that a civilized only mummification. Since 6000 years BC. M. Mummification was re-building the body of the deceased after extracting the meat from the body of the deceased and the internal organs, skin and brain. It was bone dry hot ash. Then reconstituted by linking branches to install it and stuffing with herbs and covered the skin and patched leather pelican bird or seven sea. It covers the skin with a layer of thick ash paste and put a mask of mud on the face, painted black or manganese salts of red dye into a version similar to the dead. The re-paint the mask. Most of the mummies Hinnikoro of children and fetuses.. Has been the embalming by Henkuru civilizations in Peru before the arrival of the Spaniards, especially in the Arizona rain forest and desert areas. The objects were stuffed in a squatting position where the knee was tight under the chin, the hands placed near the face and jaws was open. The mummy was covered with a cloth. There are ice mummies from the time of the Incas, where reserves the mountains above the icy peaks of offerings that become human mummies reserved freeze. It has recently been found in the ice over the Andes to 100 frozen mummy, surrounded by gold and silver, accompanied by gifts of the gods. When the Spaniards colonized the region looted gold and silver and the mummies were stripped of her clothes in the area of Joash since 1532 and prevented citizens from keeping their lives . Most of the mummies of Europe and America, which he found had been filed as a natural ice-preserved body was freezing in the mountains of the Alps at the Austrian border of Italy since 5000 and 8 bodies were found frozen to women and children in her skin Court in a refrigerator Greenland 500 years old. And found the mummies of the salt (material) in north-western Europe, where the acidic environment, which kept the tissue and make the skin color dark brown. And go back to the Iron Age 400 BC. M. -400 M mummies Europe and North America. And most of them crushed skulls and throat strangled or longitudinal slots and had made offerings, and the most famous mummy Tolond found in Denmark.

Mummies in Asia

In China and specifically in the area of the Tarim mummies found on the Tarim mummies with Caucasian features red hair and clothes Tatar 3500 years old have been found in the desert of Takla what was in West China. He had found the mummy of a woman in a refrigerator Altai on the border of Siberia with Mongolia. It has been found on mummies in Alaska and south-west of America, Italy and Australia. Have been found on mummies left behind cave tribe Iiballowa Ibaloi city located Kabayan Benguet province in northern Philippines for hundreds of years and particularly since the 12 century until the coming of the Spanish priests in the 16 century. The mummies were in a squatting position like embryo in wood and most of their mouths stretched as if defying death .. The wealthy come to choose their death bury their tombs, which was later death, especially if they suffer from disease or death or old age. And he was giving them a saline solution, they are still alive because they believe that it cleans the internal organs .. After their death was the eldest son of breathing tobacco smoke in the mouth of his deceased father to cleanse and protect tissues. Mouths of the mummies is empty. Then take off clothes of the deceased and wash with fresh water and placed over a chair and restricts his head and back. And kindles a low heat for drying the body of the deceased. The vessel was placed beneath it to come down by the fluids that are believed to be sacred is not wasted, but maintains it and when to get rid of the dead body of fluid is placed in the sun to speed up the drying process. , Then peel off the skin and place skin lets you place the local plants. Then cover the tattoo place is decorated with paintings and regular. The tattoo was painted with a mixture of soot (soot or soot) and tomato juice and water was placed under the skin with a needle. And near the burial cave was cut pine tree fresh for the work of the shroud. Mummy was discovered in Yemen, dating back to 3200in approximately the same as 1200 BC AD.

The curse of the mummy

The people of the tribe Iiballowa believe that when a person dies his soul remains to interfere with the living. And revolves around the lives of these legends and curses. This also echoes ancient Egyptian mummies about where it is believed that they should be left in the cemeteries to live in peace and harassed her in her sleep haunted by the curses of extracts.

Contributions from Nagy.

Solar boats

 Many of us loved the sea, and many of us like to ride boats and ships, but many of us do not know about the attention of the ancient Egyptians the Nile and boats considerable attention to a surprising degree, and many of us have never heard about boats sun especially young people from the present generation in Egypt do not know much about their great not from their own amazing and from their immortal, which impressed the world so I write today's boats sun.

Types of Pharaonic boats

We're still looking into the mysteries of the sun to know boats and I have a function of the ancient Egyptian, and how they were boats used by only a symbolic god of the sun god Ra on a journey night and day, assisted by the stars in sailing and rowing, the god on the trip to clean the world from evil spirits , and therefore revered by the people and give him thanks and recognition offerings. There are other types of vessels known to the ancient Egyptian, including:

First: Boats are religious: - This type of boats used was symbolic of God only, and placed these vessels often holy of Holies inside the temples, the priests carrying the boat and inside the statue of the god to visit the other temples, such as a visit to the Temple of Horus Hathor in dandara " near qena ", or visit the temple of the god Amon of Luxor.

II: funerary boats: This type was used to transport the mummy of King to visit the holy places of the god Osiris, including Abydos " near suhag " in the south and Bhutto in the north, in addition to this type of boat was also used to transport the body of the king from his palace which reside to the cemetery where the pyramid.

III: Boats are mundane: They were used in the Nile to move the granite quarries of Aswan, or alabaster of Hatnub Egypt Central, or limestone from Tura" near giza", or to move the obelisks of the quarries of Aswan to the temples of Luxor and Karnak, In addition to use to transport workers who were digging in the rock to work in building the pyramids, and there are boats traveled across the sea to Byblos (Lebanon) to bring a timber of rice and record the Palermo stone boat, which was sent by King Senefro father of King Khufu to Lebanon to bring this timber, these types of boats registered special on the temples of the Old Temple of the King Saho ra in Abu Seer, in addition to the ships that were used to travel to the south, particularly the land of Punt to bring incense and aromatic oils and gold.

IV: Military boats: used in the modern state and image of the modern state temples especially the Temple of town Habu which depicts the naval battles of King Ramses III last king of Egypt combatants against the peoples of the sea.

Fifth: The boats used by ancient Egyptians in the Nile for a picnic: This boats represented in different forms on the graves, but the story of Khufu, and sorcerers, which refers to the story occurred during the reign of King Bent went out for a walk in the boats in the lake attached to the palace , accompanied by beautiful girls and rowing and sing beautiful songs, and during the rowing earring fell one of them, and the President of the choir was able to evacuate his magic lake water to give her the earring.

VI: The latter type is the boat solar system also boats a symbolic, one for the trip the day called the Ancient Egyptian name Maiz [maengt] and the other for a trip the night dubbed Msktaat (msktt) and this type was used by the god Ra only to sail out and paddling stars and used it here oars animate the years pointed to the killing of animals and evil spirits in the world to eliminate evil and therefore recognizes and thanks the people worship him. And get back to digging in the group funerary boat of King Khufu, where boats were in two holes eastern borders of the temple, devoted to the king as a direct them from the north to the south, where the king as Horus has the power that enables him that runs from north to south. These holes differ completely from the southern drill, and are located next to the temple, where both have actively King, also refers to landscapes represented within them Khors activity on the ground, which means that he confirms his complete control of Upper and Lower Egypt (the south and north ). The third hole which takes the form of a compound is located north of the causeway, I think it is a symbolic center dedicated to the goddess Hathor as it is fixed and written in Papyrus Abu Sir. The southern holes which the timber was found inside them, it has proved from the preceding discussion that they are not funerary but are solar boats. According to Al-Ahram writings that god Ra (khufu) owns two boats used by the gang on the move east and west. Here, the sun shines and revolves around the Earth in two boats from east to west and from west to east and moves from a boat to another at sunrise and sunset.

The sun was sailing westward over the earth's surface, and to the east beneath the surface of the earth has been brought to the boat the night Msktaat (msktt) to the east, west and daytime Maiz (mandt) studies have shown that the boat is a boat discovered the day especially because directed westward, while the other boat, which is located inside the hole the other night and it is a special introduction, heading east. and can be reached to the user of this assumption, which is found in the southern holes design and separated by a wall of rock and is located on the north-south axis of the pyramid . And we will find that the aperture South within the burial chamber of the Pyramid of Khufu, which called the wrong air vent is located directly on the axis that separates the two boat and are a composite of the day and compound the night and the King Khufu in the form of the god Ra to leave a token of this slot to boarding the boat in accordance with the flights that will them.

Papyrus has been confirmed Abu Sir, which was found inside the Temple of the King nefr -eer –Ka-ra a group of the Fifth Dynasty that the presence of timber within the compound slot is very important because the King will ride it after it is collected, and therefore had to be the existence of the timber, has proved Zaki Iskandar to be a composite of Khufu was made next to the hole and then was removed to be placed inside.

It is well known to them that the god Ra will be riding in this boat and he would convey a journey night and day, and will star blasphemy of God and when it encounters a god of any animal is evil during his trip was to get rid of it by oars pointed, because the duty of this God is cleansing the world of evil, and evil spirits, and therefore people estimated that effort and the credit that he made them, as God of God's the greatest. Has puzzled scientists in the interpretation and function composite of King Khufu, since they are studying composite monument stand-alone from the religious aspect only and that it is wrong to be the study of any architectural element, or artifact in any location without examining the surrounding effects, temples, pyramids and views represented by the temple and statues, etc., and this is what we have done, where we did not consider in this study to the boat as a stand-alone for the rest of the group hierarchy, but we interpret all elements of the group as a whole through a single unit, so we managed to get to this results. but it is worth mentioning that the group hierarchy was dedicated to the worship of the trinity of the god Ra the sun god, Horus, and Hathor was worshiped in Memphis and was sitting under the sycamore tree to that known as the (woman sycamore tree) and there evidence of the cult in the necropolis of Giza. and we will find that each of them was to worship God in a particular place within the group hierarchy, and also will find a link to this five boats of the Trinity, and at the same time, we must know that during the fourth family appeared a new religious thought we did not know before, where the King khufu to expel priests of Heliopolis and became the god Ra himself during his lifetime, so the two boats present north and south of the mortuary temple, are the two special boats for King Khufu as horus to simplify his influence and power on southern Egypt.

The boats located on the south of Egypt, and boats are the boats South symbolic sun during the day trip and a trip the night. The fifth boat was a special deities Hathor, which is the Eye of Ra, and the wife of the living king Horus in the same time or the next king.

How was the discovery of these vessels

The inspector, the effects of the pyramids area, Mohammed Zaki Nour, a civil engineer who is the process of cleaning the area of the pyramid is the architect Kamal Mallakh and the supervisor of the cleaning process is Dr. Abdel-Moneim Abu Bakr, after the completion of the cleaning process suddenly appeared the effects of a wall of mud brick and after getting to the bottom of the wall appeared 42 piece of stone divided into two groups between them break a three-meter in a pit of stone, and on May 26, 1954 has been opened nozzle hole that buried the boats of Khufu, tattoo all the smell of cedar wood and if the engineer as for Mallakh holding a mirror reflecting the sun's rays inside the crater to see the great disclosure to be the first of the saw and the first to smell after the burial of five thousand years in the midst of concern of all and not paying attention to the matter in a prefix, has been driving media campaigns by Kamal Mallakh to steal this detection and gain are obtained from the popularity and the interest of the implications about the only to be signed by 15-day penalty to resolve what he did .. Resigned as a civil engineer in the interest of the effects of moving to the press after this scoop. In fact, the detection process was a result of the cleaning area of the pyramid, which began in January 1946 in preparation for the visit of King Abdul-Aziz Al Saud king of Saudi Arabia, where he was schedule to visit the King Abdul Aziz and his companions features the city of Cairo, Giza and Mahalla Anshas, Qaliubiya and the city of Alexandria and the capital, visited the Al-Azhar and Race Club Horse House and the Arab League and the University of Fuad I " father of king farouk " , the building of the armed forces and the foot of the pyramid and specifically visited the Pyramids of Giza to check the parameters of the pharaohs there on January 15, 1946 and was with King of the island during his visit to the Pyramids of Giza, both of King Farouk and Mr. Drayton, director of the Egyptian antiquities and during the wandering to see the monuments there and found great difficulty in turning around the Pyramids of Giza to the presence of a large hill of dirt on the south side of the pyramid and the height of this hill up to 18 meters, this hill was a major impediment to visit each of the pyramid and a private VIP of kings and princes. King Farouk issued a royal command to remove the mound of accumulated dust and clean the area of the Pyramids of Giza and the reign of Drayton to the implementation of this command was monitoring the amounts needed for the cleaning process in the budget of the Egyptian Antiquities Authority on a number of years. Thus, the real beginning of the process of cleaning, which resulted in the discovery of Solar Boats 1946 to have been found on boats in 1954.

View Solar Boats

For the first time on 19.07.2008 after 51 years of discovery, presented in Egypt for the first time, the contents of King Khufu's second boat, a boat known as the «composite sun». Attendance and noted that the compound is located at a distance of 10 meters below the surface of the earth, was able to watch via a camera, he was found inside, for that purpose. Dr. Zahi Hawass, Secretary General of the Supreme Council of Antiquities of Egypt, during a press conference held to mark the way, that «the council had conducted studies on the possibility of transfer of a compound of Khufu to the Grand Egyptian Museum is scheduled to open in 2011». He continued: «When you complete the transfer of the boat to the big museum, will serve as a second piece that is added to the statue of Ramses II, who had been transferred to the museum two years ago». The fine details of a compound discovered in 1957, offered to the public, after the installation of a technical team from the Japanese University of Waseda in Tokyo, a tiny camera inside the hole is located where the boat, without having to open them, and that against the background of the project made by the Japanese side, in order to detect this hole, and restoration of wood composite, and re-installed at a cost of 10 million pounds .. The senses During the press conference, that «the boat was in very bad condition, since its discovery until today, and a team of technicians and archaeologists Egyptian and Japanese, will begin in the restored urgently, after which the transfer of boat I and II to the big museum on the Cairo-Alexandria desert». As the senses that the transfer will take place after completion of the necessary technical studies, supervised by the Egyptian scientist Dr. Farouk El-Baz President Center for Remote Sensing at Boston University. He explained Hawass, said the close cooperation between the Supreme Council of Antiquities in Egypt, and the Department of Egyptology at the University of Waseda headed by Egyptologist Professor Sakoji Yoshimura, allowing installation of the camera inside the hole, to move the contents to the tourists and journalists, and allow the visitors to the area later to the Pyramids in Giza watching boats across the camera, a fee determined in a material particular post. It is noteworthy that the Egyptian Antiquities Organization, before it turns to the «Council Top» had been agreed with the Geographical Society of the U.S. in 1987, the introduction of the camera in the second hole, and if possible shoot contents already, but it turns out the existence of insects on the wood composite disintegrating because of holes, which opened When exposed in 1957. In the mid-nineties at the end of the last century, it was agreed between the Supreme Council of Antiquities with Waseda University, to bring the Japanese integrated scientific team, to get rid of insects and the establishment of the structure of protection over the hole, to protect them from sunlight. Prepared by Nagy.

October War ........ is not an Egyptian lie

Do not believe anyone tells you that the October War is just war. Do not dare believe it was just war and the victory just a coincidence. Do not dare believe that we are conquered the Israeli army who were on holiday and they were drunk. Do not dare believe that the Egyptian army soldiers and officers were forced to go to war because the is compulsory recruitment and who withdraw or escape was get shots. Do not dare believe that the October War is the film "The bullet is still in my pocket"" the name of famous Egyptian movie  "  Like the July Revolution is not the movie" give me back my heart " " the name of famous Egyptian movie too " Agreed or disagreed with as you like, disagreed with the government or agreed as you like, praise the policy of your country or curse as you like, Curse conditions of the current economic state as you like, but the don't I repeat don't suspect for a moment in great glory, to so the – called the October War , maybe the October War in that time the country was full of joy of victory mixed with grief on who  killed and died in the war. It was sad that time Forlornness the precious who cited. But Now grief is over and gone  and was replaced anniversary that full of sadness and became a right for you Now you can enjoy the great joy, October is not only a war because there is no war that eliminate a military armed state in the strongest arms in 6 hours and remain an ordinary war. And there is no  victory by chance, but it was a war  swept by land, sea and air. Israeli Army was not on vacation and they were not unarmed, but they were stronger than us armed and we were stronger than them in faith and will. Don't believe all the rumors tht launched by the Zionists after the war and repeated until now to marginalized war, if they tell you that the Egyptian soldier was just a soldier conscripts forced to fight war or kill the pawns in the hands of the Egyptians if bounced back to tell them all the pride soldiers heroes of Egypt, but I encourage the men tell them that the cowardly can not make a victory and that the coward can not make glory, and that the mouse can not generate a lion, these brave they were racing to go to war, even those who are the administrative work within the battalion was shedding tears for the leader and does not shut up until he allow him to participate in this honor, cooks, nurses " nurse men "  and doctors all were hoping to go to the front and most of them actually went. that was the Egyptian army who consists of 100 thousand soldiers you will find the 1000 story valiant make you raise your head to the sky no matter what the negatives are now it does not diminish or take the glory of the October war. Egypt brave soldiers were not go to war only on October 6 but was over 6 years has been crunch time at two o'clock on the sixth day of October" after noon " , call it what you want day of dignity or day of transit or day of glory, or day of victory day of freedom. But I call it  the day that Egypt was born, the day that we said to all the world stop and notice . 
written by Hany

October War Secrets and Facts (part 3-1)

Suez Canal transit

Select the Egyptian and Syrian armies for the attack hours later the second afternoon after he fell out the Syrians and the Egyptians on the zero hour. While the preferred Egyptians sunset be sunrise is the best for the Syrians, so it was not expected to choose afternoon to launch the attack, and across the channel 8,000 Egyptian soldiers, and then rolled waves crossing the second and the third for the number of Egyptian troops on the east bank by night to 60,000 troops, at a time who was the Egyptian Corps of Engineers opens the gaps in the dust cover with water hoses, high pay

In the second hour was running sirens all over Israel to declare a state of emergency and appealed the Israeli army, despite sending holiday and reserve troops began recruiting a few hours before that which led to resume traffic in cities, which raised questions in the Israeli public. In spite of the expectations of the Egyptians and the Syrians, Israeli recruitment was relatively easy as most people stayed at home or gathered in churches to perform the Eid" Muslims feast" prayers. But the short time that was available for recruitment and the failure to equip the army for a war the Israeli army prevented from responding to the joint Egyptian-Syrian attack. Enable the Egyptian army during the first days of crossing the Suez Canal and the destruction of the Israeli Bar-Lev line defense impregnable. The attack began on both fronts simultaneously at two o'clock in the afternoon air raids and artillery shelling on the overall length of the front lines. Syrian troops moved infiltrated the Israeli lines and rise the Israeli losses are not used during previous wars with the Arabs. During two days of fighting, Egypt has become dominated on the east bank of the Suez Canal and the Syrian army was able to edit the main city of Kenitra and Mount Hermon Mrasdh with sophisticated electronic. Egyptian army achieved tangible achievements until 14 October as the spread of Egyptian forces on the eastern bank of the Suez Canal, but on the ninth day of the war the Egyptian troops failed of trying to overrun the front line and to enter into the depth of the territory of the Sinai desert and access times, and the decision was appreciated some of the worst strategic decision taken by the leadership during war because it make the back of the Egyptian army west of the canal semi-naked in any wrapping which is what happened already. Halted the Egyptian forces fighting on the forehead because of exposure to the back of its troops to the enemy due to lack of ability to cover more than 12 kilometers deep in the Sinai, because of near running out of ammunition and because the capacity of military equipment to have (aviation and artillery) that allows coverage of this depth just as well for fear of get around because of landing the air-bridge between Israeli forces and the U.S. in the depth of the Egyptian Sinai and the Golan front, Syrian front.

Gap

Because of the failure to implement some of the hit Israeli targets affecting the Syrian front, according to the plan agreed upon between the Syrian and Egyptian fronts alert the enemy of the Syrian moves early, making it believes its defenses and requested U.S. support urgently. Posted leadership Syrian military delegates to the unified command of the two fronts led by Field Marshal Ahmed Ismail requests to increase pressure on Israeli forces on the front of the Suez Canal to ease the pressure on the Golan front, he asked President Sadat Ismail development of the attack east to relieve the pressure on Syria, he issued Ismail ordered the suspension to be D morning 12 October.

October 14, forced the Egyptian forces risky and enter at the rear of Egypt without a cover is protected to draw the attention of the enemy on the Syrian front to be allowed to make to adjust their status and provide cover and to prepare for a retaliatory strike, turned Battalion Israeli armored vehicles around the Egyptian forces takes advantage there is no cover for them and surrounded them, causing the gap famous . But team-Shazly strongly opposed any development outside the scope of the 12-kilo forces that stand in the protection of the umbrella of air defense, and progress outside the canopy means that we offer our gift to the Israeli airline.

On the orders of the development of the attack east attacked the Egyptian forces in the Third Field Army (in the direction of Suez) with 2 Brigade, Major General atheist ten (infantry mechanic) in the direction of passage of Capricorn, and the Third Armored Brigade in the direction of passage "Mitla".

In the sector of the Second Army field (in the direction of Ismailia) attacked the armored division 21 in the direction of the "bowl", and on the axis of the northern Sinai attacked the 15 Armored Brigade in the direction of "pomegranate". The attack was unfortunate at all, as expected Chadli, and ended the failure of development, with the major difference is that the Egyptian forces lose 250 tanks of the main striking force in a few hours of the start of development of the Israeli air superiority.

. On this day, the U.S. government decided to create a "air bridge" of Israel, of any aircraft carrying military equipment to supply the Israeli army, including the missing gear. On the night of 15 October, a small Israeli force has been able to pass the Suez Canal to west Bank and the Third Army began to encircle the Egyptian forces.

The form of crossing the Israeli forces to the West Bank of the channel problem caused the gap in the ranks of the Egyptian forces, known as the gap Deversoir and as much as Major General Saad El Shazly, Israeli forces west of the canal in his book "" The October War, "" On October 17, four armored divisions, a weak armor Egyptian West channel.

Expanded the gap widening significantly even cut through the Suez and Suez was besieged and trapped the entire Third Army's stewardship of about 45 thousand for a period of three months. The widening gap was a result of serious errors leading to both Sadat and Ahmad Ismail from the development of the attack to an unwillingness to maneuver forces, prompting some people to download the full responsibility of Sadat.

October 23, Israeli forces were deployed around the Third Army, which forced the Egyptian army to stop fighting. On October 24 (October) has been the implementation of the cease-fire.

Golan

At the same time, according to prior agreement by the Syrian army offensive comprehensive in the Golan Heights and launched a Syrian aircraft launched a major offensive on the positions and fortifications Israel in depth of the Golan Heights and attacked gatherings of military tanks and artillery emplacements and Israeli stations, radars and supply lines and achieved the Syrian army's great success and according to a plan so that exposed the battlefield before Syrian troops and tanks made of several kilometers on the first day of the war, confounded and scattered the Israeli army, which was receiving strikes everywhere from the Golan Heights.

While offering the Syrian army's lead in the Golan Heights and managed on October 7 to capture al-Qaeda, an Israeli town on the shoulder of Mount Hermon in the process of landing a heroic rare seized during which the observatory of Mount Hermon and on lands in the southern Golan Heights and a Syrian flag atop the highest summit on Mount Hermon, and dropped many units of the Israeli force under Syrian pressure. Israel evacuated civilians and the Israelis who settled in the Golan until the end of the war.

On October 8, Syrian troops have stepped up their offensive and Syria launched a rocket attack on the village of Migdal Haamiq eastern prairie Abe Amer inside Israel, the Israeli air base at Ramat David, also in the Marj Abu Amer. On October 9, dropped the Syrian defenses large numbers of Israeli aircraft, which took a heavy toll in the ranks of the IDF and Israel requested urgent assistance from the United States for its support on the Syrian front.

Forced the Egyptian forces to stop fighting on her forehead because of exposure to the back of its troops to the enemy due to lack of ability to cover more than 12 kilometers deep in the Sinai, because of the near running out of ammunition and because the capacity of military equipment to have (aviation and artillery) that allows coverage of this depth just as well for fear of get around because of the landing air-bridge between Israeli forces and the U.S. in the depth of the Egyptian Sinai and the Golan front, Syrian front.

Syrian military command sent delegates to the unified command of the two fronts led by Field Marshal Ahmed Ismail requests to increase pressure on Israeli forces on the front of the Suez Canal to ease the pressure on the Golan front, so I decided to attack Egypt east to relieve the pressure on Syria.

Gap: October 14, forced the Egyptian forces risky and enter at the rear of Egypt without a cover is protected to draw the attention of the enemy on the Syrian front to be allowed to make to adjust their status and provide cover and to prepare for a retaliatory strike, turned Battalion Israeli armored vehicles around the Egyptian forces takes advantage there is no cover for them and surrounded them, causing gap famous, because there is no cover for more than 12 kilometers in depth in which troops are where the protection of the umbrella of air defense, and progress outside the canopy means we offer a gift to the Egyptian forces, the Israeli airline.

On the orders of the development of the attack east attacked the Egyptian forces in the Third Field Army (in the direction of Suez) with 2 Brigade, Major General atheist ten (infantry mechanic) in the direction of passage of Capricorn, and the Third Armored Brigade in the direction of passage "Mitla".

In the sector of the Second Army field (in the direction of Ismaili) attacked the armored division 21 in the direction of the "bowl", and on the axis of the northern Sinai attacked the 15 Armored Brigade in the direction of "pomegranate". The attack was unfortunate at all, as expected team-Shazly, and ended the failure of development, with the major difference is that the Egyptian forces lose 250 tanks of the main striking force in a few hours of the start of development of the Israeli air superiority. More precisely the fighting stopped the Egyptian side was forced by the lack of the presence of equipment support provided as well as the rapid reaction of U.S. forces to supply Israel bridge air base in Turkey central battlefield in the Golan foiled the planned Egyptian and helped the Israelis to carry out an attack opposite successful in the Golan, the Israeli army tried help direct U.S. to stop the Syrian army from progress towards the international border had been received from the Syrian army units to the international border and around the Sea of Galilee.

Oil weapon

October 17 contract and Arab oil ministers meeting in Kuwait, the Council decided to cut oil production by 5% per month and raise the prices of oil from one side, on October 19 asked the U.S. President Nixon from Congress for $ 2.2 billion in emergency aid to Israel which led to the establishment of Saudi Arab Saudi Arabia, Libya and other Arab states to declare a ban on oil exports to the United States, creating an energy crisis in America.

End of the war

United States stepped in and the Member States in the UN Security Council of the United Nations has been issued resolution 338 which provides for the cessation of all hostilities starting on October 22, 1973 and Egypt accepted the decision and implemented as of the evening the same day the Israeli forces violated the ceasefire, Security Council adopted international decision last on Oct. 23 requiring all parties to the ceasefire. But Syria did not accept the cease-fire, and began a new war called the War of Attrition aim is to affirm the steadfastness of the Syrian front and increase pressure on Israel to return the rest of the Golan Heights, after the victories achieved by the Syrian army and after the Exodus from Egypt the battle and this war continues for 82 days. At the end of the month of May 1974 the fighting stopped after an agreement was reached for the separation of forces between Israel and Syria, which Israel evacuated the civilian Kenitra and parts of the territories occupied in 1967.

Syrian war of attrition

In early 1974, Syria has cracked, is not convinced of his or her conclusion of fighting in an attempt to recover and liberate the rest of the territory of the Golan Heights, and after the fighting stopped on the Egyptian front, Syria has cracked a war of attrition against Israeli forces in the Golan, centered on the Mount Hermon area, and lasted 82 days has cost the Israeli army sustained heavy losses. Brokered by the United States, through the shuttle tours to the Minister of Foreign Affairs Henry Kissinger, in a military disengagement agreement between Syria and Israel. Text of the agreement signed in June (June 1974) on the withdrawal of Israel from the strip of land occupied in 1967, includes the city of Kenitra. On June 24 lifted President Hafez al-Assad the Syrian flag in the sky Kenitra editor but that the Israelis had resorted to destruction of the city in an orderly fashion before their withdrawal, and Syria decided not to re-colonize before the return of all the Golan Heights to Syrian sovereignty .

written by nagy

October War Secrets and Facts (part 3-2)

facts and figures on the October War 
Start of the air strike at 2 in the afternoon of 6 October 73 by force of  220 aircraft hit ratio of 95%

- The boot fire artillery in a war that October 73 is the first and the largest crowd by firing witnessed wars ... And perform more strongly than 2000 artillery pieces than hundreds of pieces of firing directly for 53 minutes starting at second five minutes after noon on October 6 The rate of beating in this boot fire in the first minute to about 10.500 shots at 175 Shots per second - storm The first wave of the Suez Canal in the second hour and five minutes after noon on 6 October 8000 strongly fighter through the boat and in 1600 a terrible race against time and bring the total number of fighters in the Middle 80.000 fighter Egypt by the end of October 6th.

- Began after the start of our direct intrusion by not more than 30 minutes in repelling the enemy counter-attacks and exhaustion forces and continued throughout the war.

- Egypt's first flag raised over the dust cover of Bar-Lev Line was in the second hour and 37 minutes after noon on October 6 in the area south crossing the coast.

- The first strong point fall in the sector and in the South East Qantara sector Aljbast South Channel.

- The first extensive use of human shields was in the Egyptian war of October 73 to fight the individual walking of tanks and aircraft and to recognize the Israeli forces during the battle management that the individual infantry and the Egyptian stun both arms became much taller than their tanks and guns.

- At 2 pm the afternoon of 6 October 73 began an epic creation crossings, ferries and bridges over the Suez Canal leading to open 81 slot beach in the dust cover in a manner dredging pumps water jet achieving removal of 3 million cubic meters of soil, and was the first hole at 5:15 pm, was the establishment of the first ferry crossing at 6.30 pm, and the first bridge was being built on the channel at 8.30 pm.

- During the first day of fighting our troops destroyed more than 200 Israeli tank and killed and captured and surrounded more than 1500 soldiers and an Israeli officer.

- For the first time in the history of wars, tanks are destroyed 150 tanks in a period of not more than 20 minutes with the families of most of the crews of the Israeli fighters on Monday, October 8 on a limited segment of the theater of operations in the central sector.

- The largest number of prisoners are arrested from one strong point is the fortress of Port Tawfiq was among the 37 officers and an Israeli soldier.

- War of October 73 is the first war (after the battles of attrition) in which Israel suffered heavy losses in lives if their losses amounted to 2522 people other than prisoners, wounded and missing The magnitude of these losses if compared to enumerate the limited human.

- War of October 73 is the first war of the Israeli army soldiers, doctors treating large numbers of traumatized and nervous shock of the fighting and there have forgotten the names of the terror attack Egyptian sweeping "statements from Israeli leaders in the book" The earthquake in October "to Zeev Schiff

- Ramadan War October 73 is the first electronic war in history.

- Bar-Lev line, which invaded the Egyptian forces in the war, October 73 In a few hours is the first and strongest line of defense in the history of war depends in its inception, the reason why water is unique punctuated by forts and castles as a high berm that holds in the stomach of these forts 20-22 meters and reached the degree of inclination on the eastern edge of the channel directly 45 degrees.

- Egypt has and the armed forces of the establishment of the first and the largest wall air defense missile system in minutes not seen in previous wars and who managed to bend Israel's long and dropped her on the first day of the fighting of 38 aircraft led by the most efficient pilots has led because made commander of the Israeli Air Force orders on October 8 aircraft for the approach of not less than 15 km east of the canal.

- For the first time you use the weapon of oil Arab countries and balances in the position of Arab solidarity not seen the Arab nation for several centuries and was described as a sixth force

Results after the war

Achieved Egyptian and Syrian armies of the desired strategic objectives behind the sudden onset of Israel's military, there have been significant achievements in the first days after the war, where the Egyptian forces moved 20 km east of the Suez Canal and Syrian troops were able to enter into the depth of the Golan Heights. In the end of the war Israeli army recover in the For the Egyptian front, was able to open a gap Deversoir and across the West Bank of the channel and hit the siege on the Third Army in the field and on the Syrian front was able to expel the Syrians from the Golan Heights, but continued to push the border back to expand the colony.

Interfered with the two great and at that time in the context of the war indirectly where provided the Soviet Union arms of Syria and Egypt, though the Soviet Union had refused to give Egypt the weapons necessary after the crisis of expulsion of experts by Sadat, but the Soviet Union came back and gave Egypt a part of the weapons, but the financing of Egypt The main weapons came from the Czech Republic after the visit of Egyptian Foreign Minister to visit the Czech Republic in a secret not known by anyone at that time, while the United States supplied Israel with military equipment. At the end of the war work of the U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger as an intermediary between the two sides reached a truce agreement remains in force between Syria and Israel. Converted Egypt and Israel Armistice Agreement a comprehensive peace agreement in the "Camp David" 1979.

Of the most important outcome of the war to recover full sovereignty over the Suez Canal, and the recovery of all land in the Sinai Peninsula. And recover part of the Syrian Golan Heights, including the city of Kenitra and return to Syrian sovereignty. Other findings crash myth that the army of Israel is not invincible and that he used to say the military leaders in Israel, and the war paved the way for the Camp David agreement between Egypt and Israel, which was held in September 1978 following the initiative of Anwar Sadat's historic in November 1977 and his visit to Jerusalem. The war also led to the return of navigation in the Suez Canal in June 1975 .

written by nagy

October War Secrets and Facts (part 2)

Camouflage Plan
Approved a plan to restore the Syrian-Egyptian Sinai and the Golan Heights in the strategic deception, as he entered the political leadership in Egypt and Syria before the war in unit project with Libya and Sudan, which saw a relaxed state of enemy political leaders of both countries. He saw that according to what came in the "October War" team Saad El Shazly, then strategic Libya and Sudan have become the two rear military and logistical support to Egypt. He trained as a pilot bases in Egypt and Libya Libyan Mirages and quoted Egypt's Military Academy Sudan away from the Israeli airline, has allowed the project unit commanders meeting briefly in Egypt and Syria to negotiating table before the eyes of the Mossad to coordinate with each other in time of war.
The stages of strategic deception is also smart in dealing with the movement of U.S. satellite dedicated to control the front and at the time, in Egypt the general mobilization of 3 times before the war (autumn years) and Israel was once called the Central Bank reserves and declare a general mobilization of fear to attack Egypt next stop was the package of economic life in Israel completely and millions of dollars made.
The only time that Egypt has announced a general mobilization exercises in the fall and ignored by Israel because of the costs and financial losses are made in the October War.
The deception was more effective when given instructions to military schools for young officers to continue the study on 9 October, and allowed the officers to the Hajj, and on Oct. 4 announced that the Egyptian media for the demobilization of 20,000 military reservists and the morning of Oct. 6, Egyptian special teams posted along the canal and its mission was to move without helmets or weapons, clothes and shower and catching fish and eating oranges.
Have also been developed by the Department of Defense civil war equipment with a strong, modern and one of the pumps used in the demolition of the berm along the front and so far from the eyes of the Mossad.
Syrian front
As for the Syrian front, before the war two weeks kidnapped the Palestinian resistance under the command of Syria's trains carrying Jewish immigrants from Russia and Austria Henwap Camp was the purpose of directing the attention of politicians in Israel to Austria and not what is happening in front of Egypt and Syria, which actually happened, which traveled Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir to Austria to discuss the incident. And then killed 15 Syrian aircraft that crashed in the Mediterranean Sea after the battles aerial battle with the Israeli Air shown by Syria to refrain, to the maximum level to not launch a missile against Israel Israeli aircraft efficiency Vtkchw of the missiles before the great battle of the October War), which took place after ten days.
And closer to the details of a plan of deception, uncovered Fouad Nassar, who was director of military intelligence in the period from 721 976 in an interview with the newspaper "Al-Ahram that Egypt had a regular role in the war in two ways, first in intelligence work, and the second in the same war, when Israelis realized the magnitude of the superiority of Egypt asked Moshe Dayan, Israeli Minister of Defense for this superiority,
And under attack because we did not know the extent of development in this area of Egypt, Egypt were not significant capabilities in intelligence, and reconnaissance forces, or cooperate with other intelligence services of others, Diana's response was: that full Egyptian Sinai radar of human eyes to see and minds of thought, then give the information.
In fact, the modern brigade Nassar was true the words of Diana, said. "Through this simple Egyptian spirit they were able to control all the remains and the movements of the enemy When I became director of military intelligence, if there is significant potential in technology gives us accurate information, had no choice but to create an organization she founded a human Sinai and brought children a larger clan, and gave him the rank of colonel and asked him to recruit as much as possible of the Bedouin to work in the Sinai, and then established a volunteer corps of the army and volunteers each particular job, and after that trained to shoot "sites, we want to know everything, we made the channel crossing to the other hand, being under the care of a Bedouin, and therefore we were able to cover the entire Sinai with our eyes, and each of the recruits Hello four-month stay, and then finally back to civilian life, he completed his military service after this period in the Sinai, and is not honored asking anything for himself, but the funniest things about the moon! One of these groups of people, who asked to be valid only for the photograph with me, and Major General Ahmed Ismail, head of intelligence at the time and still maintain this image. "
The delegation, Maj. Gen. Nasser says: "Not only men who have contributed to the war, but we received substantial help from the women, if they have an important role in managing the conflict with the enemy, they were not volunteers Kdmn us important information, reflected in the fighting, when war broke out, but I want to refer to Group Championships (39), a battle group, crossed over after the 1967 war to blow up and weapons stores munitions left by the Egyptian army, this group has crossed the Canal 39 hours, led by the martyr Ibrahim al-Rifai, had an important role in reducing the losses of the Battle of 67 ". and secret cooperation with the Syrian side of the war, and why did not disclose this cooperation, "said Maj. Gen. Nassar:" There is no doubt that the Syrian cooperation was an important factor in the success of the war on both fronts, and we, as leaders of the armed forces in general, did not know the decision before the war, but aggravating day, fifteen, and was the secrecy and surprise, the Syrian leadership has come to Alexandria, we together and we have three dates and was the best month of October, we face a strong intelligence service, and the third is the same device in the world, we have the same potential, but we have succeeded, however, to convince we do not want war, hence the surprise and defeat in war. "Gen. Nasser revealed a model of the Egyptian intelligence successes during the war, the true story of the movie film" Ascension to the abyss, "he said in this regard (we were watching the speeches, there was a letter written to invisible ink, and is serious about military secrets, and was an amazing and true, so I went to the war minister, Lieutenant General Ahmad Ismail, and said: You will be put under surveillance, as this information is incorrect and dangerous, and you are of those who knew her, astonished and agreed to control, and the team is in place, Ahmed Ismail, and all who know this information under control until we discovered that the real spy was official stunning, it was determined he had a relationship with a girl who lives in Egypt, France, and we were able to stop them, and claim to be guided, as well as the arresting officer, and were not actually the validation that we will struggle, especially this officer was addicted to wine, and he did not believe that the war was launched against Israel. After failing in a love story, was hired by his ex-girlfriend, her family refused to marry him, and after So I went to Paris, had recruited there, and was recruited by then and was able to see the objectives of the Egyptian. but he was the architect of the project - according to the commander of the bolt at the time - and was a surprise to us, but in the end we were able to catch them by the girl's father, who worked as a teacher in Libya, and we went to, and Convinced him that a plane  kidnapped and daughter involved in it, there is a risk situation life and security in the Egyptian, and was a good man and a collaborator, and asked: What do you want me "We said: Send a letter to the address and explain when the deterioration of health, and are on the verge of death within four days, and you want to view we surprised that a medical equipment on an airplane is equipped with the hospital and wants to be treated in France, "We told the doctors who claim that he was on the verge of death, was left in his life more than 48 hours, the team returned to Paris without her vision.
The next day came the guidance, after delaying the plane in Paris, and when he landed at the airport in Libya that led to Cairo, and stayed with the stunning intelligence officer based not entered the prison, Bearing Israel sent the information we would like to deceive on the part of Israel and, indeed, they were able, it will complete the task, and services of the victory achieved, was executed after the war.)
Arab States to participate
Egypt and Syria in the war and non-Arab
Several Arab countries participated war, the list of military contributions of each state
Iraq
Sent to Iraq from Syria and Egypt as follows:
- The Egyptian striker: Hawker Hunter Serbia presence before the start of the war. The team says Saad El Shazly: I mean, people who have participated from the outset, the Iraqi squad send "Hawker Hunter" in Egypt on March 73 before the start of the war. And then, on the Eastern Front on October 8, Iraqi pilots in August - I mean, at an advanced stage - Iraqi pilots clashed with Syrian pilots on the Eastern Front.
- Syrian front:
Two armored divisions, three infantry brigades and several squads and the military post in Iraq was:
30.00 a tank soldier -250 500 - 500 vehicles armored - two squadrons of MiG squadrons of Sukhoi 21-3 17.
Algeria
Algeria sent a brigade of armored and infantry, came after the outbreak of war in the October 6, 1973. He also participated with a total of 3,000 soldiers 0.96 tanks, 22 types of fighter aircraft Sukhoi and Mirage. He also oversaw the Algerian President Houari Boumedienne himself in sending Soviet arms to Egypt.
Libya
Libya sent an armored brigade to Egypt, and two squadrons of the fleet of planes led by the leaders and insisted on the previous sample. He retired after a dispute between the leaders of Egypt and Libya.
Jordan
Jordanian troops took part in the war on the Syrian front, sending armored brigade Armoured Brigade 40 and 90 to the Syrian front.
The leaders of Jordan has put its army on high alert effect from 15:00 hours on 6 October, in October 1973 and ordered all units and formations to take their positions as assessment and defense plan was in the Jordanian forces that provide protection against penetration by Israeli forces in the front of Jordan and elude the Syrian forces from the rear and in preparing to move westward Syrian Golan, or exposure of the river regain the territories occupied in catering for the Golan Heights and the Sinai by Egyptian and Syrian forces.
These actions have resulted in their concerns, Israeli forces from the front of Jordan is one of the most dangerous fronts, and the closest to the depth of Israel, Israel is pushing to keep their side troops in anticipation of the developments on the front of Jordan.
Due to the deterioration of the situation in Syria interface Armoured Brigade has moved 40 of Jordan to the Syrian front Voktml his arrival on October 14, 1973 and fought the first battles on 16 October, where it was placed under the command of 13 Armored Division in Iraq and worked with Iraqi army brigades and forced Israeli Armoured Brigade 40 soldiers decrease of 10 km.
Morocco
Kingdom of Morocco sent an armored brigade of the Syrian Arab Republic and the positioning of Morocco Brigade in the Golan Heights before the outbreak of war.
Saudi Arabia
Saudi armed forces supported the Syrian front to enter the banner of King Abdul Aziz mechanics (3 lots)
Banhard tank regiment (42 armored Banhard 18 armored personnel vehicles + 50 Administrative) Field Artillery Regiment 105 mm) - Parachute Regiment IV - 2 Battery 155 mm self-propelled artillery - a battery of 40 mm anti-aircraft - a secret weapon 106 - 8 - a secret weapon 106 - M - D - 20 - a secret signal - a particular prey secret - a secret mortar - maintaining the armor platoon - keeping + company company health - and the unit military police
Sudan
Sudan sent a brigade of infantry and special forces battalion in charge of Egypt.
Kuwait
Kuwait sent two formations
On the Syrian front: the power of Jahra Almjehvlp size of a brigade composed of a tank battalion and an infantry battalion and my concubine, artillery, commandos and secret secret air defense training and other administrative bodies
On the Egyptian front, an infantry battalion existed before the war and a squadron of Hawker Hunter aircraft components, Hunter 5, and two transferred from the C-130 Hercules to transport ammunition and spare parts. The aircraft arrived last days of the war and stayed in Egypt until mid-1974.
Tunisia
Tunisia sent a battalion of infantry.
North Korea
Group recalled Saad El Shazly, in their reports that North Korea had supplied Egypt with a series of expert pilots and tunnels, and that these pilots participated in the defense of the cover and the air within the depth of Egypt, in July 1973 came the Korean pilots have completed the training of the pack who work during the month of July 1973 were working in the MiG-21.
A crowd of Israel and the United States
Israel
415 000 soldiers - 1,500 tanks - 3,000 armored personnel carriers - 945 artillery units -
561 aircraft - 84 helicopters - 38 warships.
United States
0476 1000 armored personnel carriers, 140 aircraft, military helicopters 0.8 - the U.S. Sixth Fleet
South Africa
An unknown number of military aircraft
Western volunteers
Thousands of soldiers and mercenaries, pilots of the United States, Europe and other countries
Air strike
On October 6, 1973, the Egyptian Air Force implementation of an air strike against Israeli targets after the Suez Canal by the Air War Belbeis Airport (located in the Eastern province - about 60 miles northeast of Cairo) and was the force of 222 fighters crossed the Suez Canal from the radar detector for the Israeli army, combined simultaneously with the 14:00 to 1:00 altitude too low.
The white plane jams stations and disability in the mother or Khchib Marjm Alumblyz and the airport and other airports and radar stations and air defense batteries and groups of people and armored vehicles, tanks, artillery and strong points on the line Bar Lev and oil refineries and storage of ammunition. It was a consecutive two days, experts estimated that the success of the first Russians about 30% and losses of about 40 for the immense success of the strike and the first of about 95% and a loss of about 2 , 5% was canceled the second strike.
Israeli government first received information about the planned attack on the fifth of October by inviting the Israeli prime minister Golda Meir and some cabinet ministers for an emergency session in Tel Aviv on the eve of the feast, but not time sufficient for the recruitment of reserve forces, under the Israeli military. (Tomorrow we follow the details of the war and the gap and other facts about the October war and the outcome of the war)

written by nagy

Egypt

Old Sayings

"Thanks to recognize the man who guided him to take justice his way"

Statements of the grand vizier Ptah Hotep

"The virtue of straight men is better than the sacrifice" give to god " of the unjust man"

Advice addressed to Prince Mricara
from his father, the pharaoh

"People may rejoice in time and may human has been working to perpetuate his name forever and ever .... Justice will return to its place and the injustice of denying the earth"

Words of Nfrroho, a wise ancient Egyptian

"The justice immortal mentioned, they come down with those held by to the grave ... but not his name be erased from the earth, but little over the years because of Justice"

From the story of the farmer from ahnasia

"What are you, O Amon fresh fountain that tells the thirst in the desert. It is a fountain unlocked and open for those who speak for those who invoke the silent, when it comes silent, it hopes to find a fountain there"

The wise ancient Egyptian

"Egypt is the gift of the Nile"

Greek historian Herodotus

"It must present generation of young people that read this book which looks at the history of the emergence of ethics after the dawn of conscience in Egypt"

American author Henry James Brestead 
author of "The dawn of conscience"

Origin of the name

Egypt's name in Arabic and other Semitic languages, is derived from the root of old Samitic could, may also mean the fortified. Has been known to Arabs as "Egypt." The name, which was known pharaohs of their country is concerned with Kimi " or cheme" " the black earth "metaphor for the black land of the Nile Valley and distinguish it from the desert lands.

the Hebrew name" Mizraim " מִצְרַיִםmentioned in the Old Testament in the Book of Genesis Mizraim is the son of Ham the son of Noah, an ancestor who descended from the Egyptian people.

Names known in European languages many derived from the name in Latin Ijptos Aegyptus derived in turn from Greek Oijeptus Αίγυπτος, the name is explained by some as a derivative of "Ha Ka Ptah" any place the spirit of the god Ptah, the name of the Temple of Ptah, the ancient capital of Memphis .

Geography of Egypt

Egypt covers an area of about one million square kilometers; 96% of the area of desert and 4% of the area fit for cultivation.

Terrain: Arab Republic of Egypt is divided geographically into four main sections are: 1 - Nile Valley and Delta.

2 - Western Sahara.

3 - Eastern Desert.

4 - Sinai Peninsula.

Population

Focus of most of the population of Egypt in the Nile Valley, especially in the cities of Cairo and Alexandria also live the rest of the population in the Delta and on both sides of the Nile Valley and on the coast of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea coast and the cities of the Suez Canal, Egypt has a population about 84 million people living mostly inside the Arab Republic of Egypt.

Composition of the population

The majority of the population of Egypt from the Egyptians and the estimated proportion of 99.4% of the total population, Egypt is set up any overall population is a multi-ethnic, assets and merge with each other socially, from this ethnic Nubians in the south and the Beja in the Red Sea and nomads in the Sinai as well as Armenians, Greeks, Italians, French and Turks Circassians, Albanians, and gypsies who have their numbers varied throughout the ages.

Language

Arabic is the official language of the country and spoken by the vast majority of the population. Historically speaking Egyptians to other languages such as hieroglyphics, ancient and dialects different through the form later Coptic language "is still used by the Coptic Christians in their prayers inside the church," speaking Nubians of two of the family of languages Nubian Kush also speaks Alsiuyon "people of the Siwa Oasis in the Eastern Desert" Language Alsewe Tamazight, spoken Alababda tribes and Alepesharion tribes and languages of the family of the Beja also found groups of gypsies speak the language Aledumary. In addition to what already has been found in different historical periods communities endemic in Egypt of Armenians in Egypt, Turks, Greeks, Italians have talked their languages and also English is spoken by many people and taught at all levels of education in government schools, as there are no schools taught curricula in foreign languages, different such as French, German and Italian.

Religions

Official religion of the country, according to the Constitution of 1971, is the Islamic religion and condemns about 90% of Egyptians to Islam and Christianity about 10% in addition to very small numbers of Jews, Baha'is, and the Shiites.

Religious institutions

In Egypt there are two religious institutions of the oldest and most important institutions for both religion : 1 - Al-Azhar: - is one of the pillars of Sunni Islam in the world, Sheikh Ahmad Al-Tayeb Sheikh Al-Azhar in present.

2 - Coptic Orthodox Church is one of the oldest Christian churches in the world and one of the churches, the first five, and the Church of Alexandria is the headquarters sits on the throne of St. Mark the Apostle, a Pope of Alexandria and Saint Mark Episcopate, and the current Pope is Pope Shenouda III, No. 117 in the number of popes who are on the chair of Saint Mark the Apostle .

Climate

Egypt is located in the dry tropical region, except within the northern temperate zone in the greenhouse climate Mediterranean Region, which is characterized by heat and drought in the summer months and moderate in winter and spring with little rain fall increasingly on the coast.

Annual average temperature in Lower Egypt, Winter 20 degrees Celsius during the day and 10 C at night and in summer the average temperature is approximately 35 degrees Celsius in the daytime and 23 degrees Celsius at night; In Upper Egypt, average maximum temperature in winter to 25 C and micro- 8 ° C either in the summer, average maximum temperature to 41 ° C either Minor up to 24 degrees Celsius almost. Consists of frost on the middle of the Sinai peninsula and on the plantations in central Egypt winter, while snow falls in winter on the mountains of Sinai and some coastal cities such as: Baltim, Damietta, and Alexandria, Sidi Brani.

Administrative division of Egypt

Egypt is divided administratively into 29 counties [province].

Cities and ports

The largest cities are Cairo - Alexandria - Port Said - Suez - Mahala - Asyut - Minya - Luxor.

There are in Egypt 32, including the seaport of Alexandria - Safaga - Marsa Alam - Al Ain Sukhna - Hurghada.

Egyptians Celebrities

President Gamal Abdel Nasser, leader of the July Revolution 1952 - President Muhammad Anwar al-Sadat, the hero of war and peace and winning the Nobel Peace Prize 1979 - Boutros Boutros-Ghali, former Secretary-General of the United Nations - Mohamed ElBaradei, head of the Nuclear Energy Agency and former winner of the Nobel Prize - a novelist and writer Naguib Mahfouz was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1988 - Ahmed Zewail Nobel Laureate in Chemistry 1999 - a heart surgeon Magdi Yacoub who live in Britain - Eng Hany Azer designer of Berlin's new station, trains, tunnels and other [follows]

edited by Nagy

October War Secrets and Facts (part 1)

The labels of the October War
Yom Kippur War - October Liberation War - Hebrew מלחמת יום הכיפורים Yom Kippur (the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur).
States participating in the war
1 - Egypt and Syria with the Arab world's support for them in the Soviet reserves.
2 - Israel is strong support, direct and effective United States of America.
The causes of war
The October War is one of the rounds of Arab-Israeli conflict, as envisaged by the leaders of Egypt with Syria to make war while allowing Israel to regain the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights, which had been occupied by Israel in 1967, was the outcome of war is the destruction of the line Alon Bar Lev line in Sinai in the Golan, which Israel had spent six years following the war of June to strengthen their positions in the Golan and Sinai, and spent large sums of money to support a series of fortifications on their location in areas of the Golan Heights and the Suez Canal, known as the Bar Lev line.
On August 29, 1967 brought together the leaders of the Arab League conference in Khartoum, the Sudanese capital and issued a statement with the "three noes": no recognition of Israel, not to negotiate with them and refused to relations peaceful with them. On November 22, 1967, the Security Council adopted Resolution 242 calling for Israeli withdrawal from the territories (the Arabic version of Resolution 242 with the word of the land while the land the English word) busy in June 1967 with the requirement that Israel's neighboring Arab countries to recognize it and its borders. In September 1968, renewed fighting in the lines of very limited ceasefire between Israel and Egypt and Syria, including the "war of attrition, forcing the U.S. to propose plans for a peaceful settlement in the Middle East , USA and Secretary of State William Rogers had proposed three plans of both sides of the plan the first on December 9, 1969 and June 1970 and October 4, 1971.'s first initiative was rejected on all sides and Egypt has announced its approval for the Rogers Plan second to be given more time to equip the army and complement the missile shield for the battle ahead, took this agreement to cease hostilities in the Suez Canal area, but did not reach Israel's government to a clear decision on this plan. The September 28, 1970 died, Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat, has been appointed President of the Republic. In February 1971, Anwar Sadat gave the United Nations sent Iaring Gunnar, who conducted the negotiations between Israel and Egypt, the Rogers Plan II, the conditions for reaching a peace agreement between Israel and Egypt, the most significant Israeli withdrawal to the borders of June 4, 1967. Israel has rejected conditions which led to a stalemate in negotiations. In 1973 decided the Egyptian President Anwar Sadat and Syrian President Hafez Assad, to resort to war to regain the ground lost by the Arabs in the war in 1967. The plan was designed to trust the intelligence of the Egyptian and Syrian intelligence in planning the war and to mislead the security and intelligence agencies, American and Israeli surprise attack, Israel is expected in both the Egyptian and Syrian front, and this is what happened, where the lightning was a surprise to the Israelis.
The balance of power
Egypt
Egypt cracked the organization of its military forces after the war of attrition, where the command cancels the eastern military resolve instead of two leaders of the field armies are the second army in the field and the Third Army in the field and direction Gaza port said, the military and the leaders of the Red Sea area, the military and military areas in the rest of Egypt.
Second Field Army
Armored Division - Mechanical Engineering Task Force - Infantry Division - Infantry Division - Infantry Division
Third Army Field
Infantry Division - Infantry Division - an armored division of the Fifth Infantry Division (SSD independent)
Syria
Syria is armed with sophisticated weapons, and have been very effective anti-aircraft missiles and air defense network is very strong and paralyzed the Israeli aircraft during the war led her to destroy and remove a large quantity of Israeli aircraft, and was the army Syria had achieved in the distribution and proliferation in the upper divisions of three helped to advance that goal from different sectors of the Syrian army in the bottom of the front.
First Armored Division - Armored Division III - Fifth Infantry Division - Infantry Division VII - Ninth Infantry Division
Israel
The Israelis have spent about 268 million U.S. dollars to create a series of forts, roads and services fund called Bar Lev line to defend the east bank of the canal. We have expanded the defenses more than 160 km along the east coast north of Port Fouad channel to the top of an obelisk in the Gulf of Suez, and a depth of 3,035 km to the east.
These defenses flat roof of about 5000 km 2 and contains a system of bunkers and obstacles and strong fields of landmines, tanks, and consisted of the fortified area of several lines with the administrative and meeting areas armor and artillery positions, and Hawk anti-aircraft and anti-aircraft artillery, and water pipes, and the length of the road network of 750 km. assembly areas and armored vehicles stationed at distances from 50 to 30 km east of the canal. 240, also prepared the site for long-range artillery and medium term, was one of 30 sites are already occupied. This defense was based in the northern Mediterranean. In the Central Mountains in the mountains of south central Sinai lack of knowledge and the Gulf of Suez.
The canal water is an obstacle in front of thousands of men, which is required to cross a large administrative effort and good planning and great difficulty in crossing, and deaths from accidents and hostile fire. Is deep and wide extension is impossible to cross without the means to cross the private, but bad luck Israeli, Egyptian forces did not cross in place on schedule by Israel.
Israelis Try to develop a system designed to convert the channel trench burning, through the development of underground tanks and piping the oil pump is the prose on the surface of the channel, when it comes to light oil become a barrier called the fortified point. However, the Egyptians were carried out operations against frogmen this system, blocking pipes and Attloha work.
The first obstacle is the defensive side of the concrete channel (Almaxap beaches) that are designed to cover the sandy beach, which rises one meter above the water surface at high tide and six feet in the case of low tide. This reduces the barrier to entry and exit from the channel light amphibious vehicles that can be lifted mechanically or individuals on the other hand, in practice, requires the use of mobile military bridges designed to cross rivers. According to General Dayan was the channel itself, and one of the best available anti-tank ditches and fortified on aspects of the canal, the Israelis created a huge dirt berm extended along the face of the eastern bank of South Kantara. Embankment height varies from 10 m, 25, was used as a means to conceal the Israeli actions, and is designed to prevent the transit of amphibious vehicles, thanks to the strong inclination.
This is the front curtain first of three, and includes sites for the discharge of artillery and armored vehicles of every hundred meters, and contained 22 of 31 fortified sites strengths, about 15 of a circle of barbed wire separated by fields mines, and early alarms and booby traps. The geometric pattern of strengths is complex, consisting of several floors, built to reach the top of the curtain, and includes facilities, each strength, the line of medical equipment in the first group of doctors and bathrooms and center for writing, printing, cinema, gym and entertainment. Each stage of strength is composed of several bars railway bunkers of concrete and steel plates, and is separated from other shelters layers of steel bars reinforced with concrete, sand and stone baskets thickness of two to three meters. All concrete Dashmp equipped fire artillery and tanks, and has several slots to launch sector allowing fire chief, and bunkers linked by deep trenches filled transport steel sheets and sand _kaer, and had to this point strengthened ability to withstand a bomb weighing one thousand pounds and all reserve requirements, may resist any major attack. In the back of the line was a system of minefields focus on strengths, but it was not a complete system. It is likely that these areas are covered tank Bmassatab on bridges and major bridges on the line II. The second line of bridges designed to defend against attacks that manage to penetrate the first bridges, and along the main axis was a line of berms third parties to provide an extra blanket and secondary fires for areas with important tactics. And behind the defensive lines, had reserves of movement of light in the rear, and most of the push. To facilitate the lightness of movement established a dense network of roads for the rapid movement of troops. The road was accidental (1), which advocates Xhexon Lexicon is at a distance of about 1000 meters from the canal, which is designed to connect the dots powerful Bar-Lev Line. Cross the street and called the number (2) by artillery, and was used only for the occasional movement of artillery, and stationed east of the centers of six-party command and control, to control the line of points Bar Lev strong line.
The size of the Israeli forces against the front of Egypt:
A. Forces charged with defending northern Sinai
252 Operations Group, consisting of 4 Armoured Brigade, the infantry brigade, infantry brigade, the Nahal battalion (for the defense of vital areas.) In addition to the support arms is 3 0.3 artillery battalion battalion battalion heavy mortar and anti-tank missiles, and administrative and technical elements.
Distributed in three formats:
1 - the first operation pattern: an infantry brigade, an armored brigade, battalion deployed Nahal strengths, and available reserves (up to 5 km)
2 - Presentation II operational: two battalions of the armored brigade distributed, deep in the Sinai at major intersections.
3 - reserve, the Rafah infantry brigade and an armored brigade in Tmada (after packing)
The total number of important pieces in this volume of the troops, about 491 battle tanks, 0,216 half field gun and mortar, and after the completion of packing.
B - South Sinai
"The power of the Marshall veteran paratroopers, 99 Infantry Brigade and the armored brigade (composed of four battalions of tanks, seized the Arab from the front of Egyptian and Syrian war in June 1967 after processing gun 105 mm used in the armored forces of Israel)
C. The size of the Israeli forces mandated to carry out strikes on the Egyptian front desk, or concentrating on Sinai, in the case of discovery of the intentions of the Egyptian forces to attack:
1.3 Group Operations Command (full brigade and works as a strategic reserve stationed in Israel, so they decided against the Front, which focuses a great effort to fight first.
2.5 armored brigade.
2.3 mechanized infantry brigade.
4.1 Infantry Brigade.
5.1 paratrooper brigade.
The total of these forces of the most requested at:
About 649 medium-sized battle tanks, up to 272 guns and mortars.
Full of the same forces of callee reserves, and works as a strategic reserve, based in Israel, even determines the frontal approach against serious efforts to combat the first, transported by tankers to the areas of interoperability Open to initiate hostilities, which usually takes 3 5 days. (Morning after the war and separate air strike, and the rest of the events of the war and the gap and U.S. documents about the war and its consequences)
idea by Hany edited by Nagy